12 | 谓语动词永远是英语句子的核心

这一课老师解释了上一讲中的 for 表示原因，用于并列句；而 because 用来引导原因状语从句。我之前有点疑问。 如果说：The students could go home earlier for the teacher was ill，这句话从语法上来说对么？ Additionally, several studies showed that, through open source development and collaboration, developers become proficient faster, reducing the number of defects in their code base. 这句话，主干是 studies showed，然后跟了一个 through 牵头的补足语，developers 是宾语从句的主语，reducing 是现在分词做状语。 看了一下那七句听上去疯狂但完全符合语法的句子，印象最深的是 The rat the cat the dog chased killed ate the malt. 如果按照“谓语动词是英语句子的核心”，再加上事后诸葛亮，那么先找到 chased, killed, ate 这三个谓语动词，然后再找到对应的主语，就能破解这个疯狂句了。 而那个疯狂的 Buffalo，我还是没能划分出句子的结构。后来去看了文中给出的链接，研究了一下 分解树 parse tree，最后还去了 Wiki，看到了如下的对应： Buffalo buffalo Buffalo buffalo buffalo buffalo Buffalo buffalo. Chicago cats Denver dogs bully bully Minnesota mice. 最后一句，超级 -ing： This exceeding trifling witling, considering ranting criticizing concerning adopting fitting wording being exhibiting transcending learning, was displaying, notwithstanding ridiculing, surpassing boasting swelling reasoning, respecting correcting erring writing, and touching detecting deceiving arguing during debating. 主干是 This was displaying 么？然后 displaying 的宾语是三个 -ing，surpassinging, respecting, and touching。不知道分解的是否正确。 后来谷歌翻译了一下： “尽管嘲笑，超越夸夸其谈的推理，尊重纠正错误的写作，以及在辩论期间摸索发现欺骗性争论，但考虑到对批评采用合适的措词表现出超越学习的批评，这才是轻而易举的事。” 发现自己的理解还是有点问题。 这些大概就是英语里面的文字游戏，类似于我们的“回文诗”（没有想到更好的比喻）。 第二篇关于复合句和复杂句的文章，一个很重要的点在于，复合句（并列句） Compound Sentences 使用“”连接的是两个独立的从句 independent clauses，而复杂句连接的是一个独立从句加一个不独立的 dependent. 独立的从句等同于前一篇里面的简单句。 然后是复合复杂句 Compound-Complex Sentences，至少两个独立从句（简单句）加一个不独立的。

独立主格里面用到的逻辑谓语，怎么判断是用现在分词、过去分词还是不定式的形式？

studies主语 showed谓语 that developer become proficient faster 是宾语从句 研究学习显示开发者变得更加精通熟练。 through open source development and collaboration是介词引导的状语，代表通过开源的发展和融合 reducing the number of defects in their code base是现在分词引导的状语，代表结果，减少了他们在代码基础上的不足。

Additionally, several studies showed that/宾语从句 , through/状语从句 open source development and collaboration, developers become proficient faster, reducing /状语从句 the number of defects in their code base.

老师留下的作业，七个句子中有一个变态句子，分享出来 Buffalo buffalo Buffalo buffalo buffalo buffalo Buffalo buffalo. Buffalo 是美国西部城市布法罗，buffalo 做名词 野牛(Buffalo buffalo = bison)，buffalo 做动词 吓到，恐吓（overawe，这个句子理解为 Bison from Buffalo,who are overawed by other bison in their community,also happen to overawe oher bison in their community. 即 (Bsion) (Bison buffalo) buffalo (Bison). 即 (Buffalo buffalo) (Buffalo buffalo buffalo) buffalo (Buffalo buffalo). 差点绕晕了

This led to software developers taking more care in the software they were writing. 这句话说是独立主格，但是我自己首先理解的是主谓宾结构，let to是谓语，taking more care in the software是宾语，software developers是间接宾语。这里有点想不通。

Anyone (who feels that） (if so many more students (whom we haven’t actually admitted) are sitting in on the course than ones we have (that the room had to be changed), then probably auditors will have to be excluded, is likely to agree that the curriculum needs revision. 请教下这个橘子， 1、 (that the room had to be changed)，是什么成分，feels 的宾语吗？ 2、（then probably），是啥成分，是修饰anyone的定语吗？

另外，想继续练习自己拆解句子的结构成分是否正确和自己翻译的句子是否正确，有没有的网站或者书本可以有对照练习？

双宾的那个句子搞的有点懵，还以为是个定语从句！

“从句套从句的复杂句”中的卡片翻译错误了