看完第八章，但我感觉至少得看两到三遍。

URLError: <urlopen error [SSL: CERTIFICATE_VERIFY_FAILED] certificate verify failed: unable to get local issuer certificate (_ssl.c:997)> 老师，为什么我在Jupyter里面跑总是报这个错呢，重新下载了证书，指定证书路径，重新安装certifi这个库都没用，这是什么原因呢？

“发现下载地址是 HTTPS 协议的。通过协议类型，我们首先排除不支持 HTTPS 协议的库。这样可以将待使用的协议从十几个精简到三个：webbrowser、urlib、http.client。”请问老师，这里是一个个库点进去看排除嘛，还是靠标准库内的搜索功能。我用关键字https搜索了一下，匹配的信息又太多了“https://docs.python.org/zh-cn/3.10/search.html?q=https”

import hashlib with open(local_file, "rb") as f:     md5 = hashlib.new('md5') # 使用 MD5 算法     md5.update(f.read())     print(md5.hexdigest()) # 与下载网站的 MD5 值对照 # dce578fe177892488cadb6c34aea58ee

import hashlib from urllib.request import urlopen import tempfile import shutil url = 'https://example.com/file_name.exe' with urlopen(url) as f1: with tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile(delete=False) as tmp_file: shutil.copyfileobj(f1, tmp_file) with open(tmp_file, 'rb') as f2: md5 = hashlib.md5() chunk = 1024 while True: data = f2.read(chunk) if not data: break md5.update(data) print(md5.hexdigest())

import hashlib from urllib.request import urlretrieve remote_url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.10.9/python-3.10.9-amd64.exe" local_file = "e:\python-3.10.9-amd64.exe" urlretrieve(remote_url, local_file) md5 = hashlib.new('md5') #创建md5对象 # 用with同时读取大文件每一行 with open(local_file, "rb") as f: for fLine in f: md5.update(fLine.readline()) print(md5.hexdigest()) #返回md5对象

import hashlib from urllib.request import urlretrieve def get_file_md5(file_name, blobk_size): """ 计算大文件的md5 """ m = hashlib.new('md5') #创建md5对象 with open(file_name,'rb') as fobj: while True: data = fobj.read(blobk_size) if not data: break m.update(data) #更新md5对象 return m.hexdigest() #返回md5对象 if __name__ == '__main__': remote_url = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.10.9/python-3.10.9-amd64.exe" local_file = "./python-3.10.9-amd64.exe" urlretrieve(remote_url, local_file) f_md5 = get_file_md5(local_file, 10) print(f_md5)